The "Audubon of Botany": Mary Vaux Walcott's Enduring Legacy

Mary Vaux Walcott wasn't your typical woman of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Born in 1860 in Philadelphia, she defied expectations on all fronts. While society dictated a life of domesticity, Mary had a spirit of boundless curiosity, craved adventure, knowledge, and the thrill of exploration. This remarkable woman became a renowned botanical artist, a pioneering mountaineer, and a champion for scientific discovery and social justice. She carved a unique path that intertwined a love for art with a passion for the natural world. This blog delves into the artistic journey of this remarkable woman, the "Audubon of Botany," whose watercolors continue to captivate audiences over a century later.

Mary M. Vaux, and her brothers George Vaux, William S. Vaux, 1908

A Family United by Science and Adventure

Hailing from a prominent Quaker family in Philadelphia, Mary's upbringing instilled in her a deep appreciation for nature and a dedication to learning. Despite her family's wealth, they embraced a simple Quaker lifestyle that valued education and exploration. Unlike many women of her era, Mary wasn't confined to domestic life. Her family's summer excursions to western Canada sparked a lifelong fascination with the rugged beauty of the Rockies and the delicate wildflowers that thrived there. However, life took an unexpected turn when Mary's mother passed away when she was just nineteen. With a strong sense of responsibility, Mary took on the role of caring for her two younger brothers.

Mary Vaux Walcott 1914

Capturing the Essence: The Art of Botanical Illustration

Mary's artistic talents blossomed early. Encouraged by her artistic uncle, she honed her skills in drawing and painting from a young age. At the age of eight, she received a set of watercolors and began capturing the delicate forms of wildflowers. Mary's artistic calling became clear: to document the captivating world of flora with scientific accuracy and artistic flair. She meticulously studied plant life, capturing their intricate details with an unwavering focus. Unlike traditional botanical illustrations, Mary's watercolors pulsated with life. Her subjects weren't merely specimens on a page; they were vibrant entities, their delicate textures, subtle color variations, and unique characteristics meticulously rendered.

A Life in Bloom: Art and Adventure Intertwined

Mary's artistic life was inextricably linked to her adventurous spirit. An ardent mountaineer, she scaled some of the most challenging peaks in the Canadian Rockies, often accompanied by her sketchbook and paints. At a time when women were discouraged from physical activities, she embraced mountaineering. She scaled challenging peaks, becoming the first documented woman to conquer a mountain over 10,000 feet – Mount Stephen in Canada – in 1900. These expeditions provided Mary with a firsthand understanding of the diverse ecosystems she depicted in her art. The rugged landscapes she traversed undoubtedly influenced her compositions, instilling in them a sense of scale and majesty that complemented the delicate beauty of her floral subjects.

A Marriage of Minds and Exploration

In 1914, Mary's life took another exciting turn when she married renowned paleontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott. Wolcott served as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1907 to 1927. Their shared love for science and exploration made them perfect partners. Together, they continued their treks through the Canadian Rockies, with Mary meticulously documenting the wildflowers she encountered with her watercolors. Her paintings were not merely beautiful; they captured the botanical details with scientific precision.

Mary Vaux Walcott and Charles Doolittle Walcott, date unknown.

A Master of Technique: Watercolors that Breathe

Mary's watercolors were a testament to her dedication and technical mastery. She employed a layering technique, applying washes of transparent colors to build depth and realism. Her brushstrokes were both precise and expressive, capturing the delicate veins of a petal as well as the dynamic flow of a stem. The meticulous details in her paintings, from the stamen and pistil of a flower to the subtle variations in leaf texture, revealed a profound respect for the intricate workings of the natural world.

Beyond Accuracy: The Artistic Language of Flowers

While scientific accuracy remained paramount, Mary's artistry went beyond mere representation. Her compositions, often featuring a single flower against a stark background, exuded a sense of quiet drama. The play of light and shadow, the subtle gradation of colors, and the masterful use of negative space all contributed to a sense of awe and wonder. Mary's paintings weren't just illustrations; they were artistic interpretations that conveyed the essence of a flower's beauty and fragility.

A Legacy of Inspiration: A Life of Exploration and Advocacy

Mary's artistic ambition and travels extended beyond personal gratification. She wasn't afraid to get her hands dirty - she actively participated in scientific research expeditions, documenting new plant discoveries through her watercolors. She passionately advocated for the study and conservation of wildflowers, using her art to raise awareness of their inherent value and beauty. She documented the impact of wildfires and the changing landscape, becoming an early advocate for environmental conservation. Mary, alongside her brothers, documented glacial recession – a groundbreaking practice well before climate change became a recognized issue.

Beyond the Canvas: A Life of Service

Mary's life wasn't all about scaling mountains and painting flowers. She was a woman of deep social conscience. In her later years, she served on the Federal Board of Indian Commissioners, traveling extensively through the American West to advocate for the rights of Native American communities.

Enduring Legacy: An Artist Who Transcended Time

Mary Vaux Walcott left behind a remarkable legacy. Her art continues to inspire naturalists and artists alike, with her paintings displayed in prestigious museums around the world. The Smithsonian Institution played a pivotal role in bringing Mary's work to the public. They published her landmark five-volume set, "North American Wild Flowers," in 1925. This publication not only showcased her art but also served as a valuable scientific resource. Also, Mary's illustrations were instrumental in developing a new printing technique known as the "Smithsonian Process." This innovative method allowed for the accurate reproduction of her detailed watercolors.

Her story serves as a testament to the power of defying societal expectations and pursuing one's passions. Whether scaling mountains, meticulously capturing the beauty of a wildflower, or advocating for social justice, Mary led a life of remarkable accomplishment that continues to inspire generations. Her story is a reminder that even amidst societal constraints, extraordinary things can be achieved.

 Further Exploration

This blog offers a glimpse into the captivating life and art of Mary Vaux Walcott. To delve deeper, consider exploring these resources:

• The National Museum of Natural History https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2019/03/26/mary-vaux-walcott-and-the-smithsonian-process/ houses an extensive collection of Mary's watercolors.
• The book "Mary Vaux Walcott: Audubon of the West" by Marlene Moore and Diana Pederson provides a comprehensive biography of this remarkable artist.
• The Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies https://www.whyte.org/ showcases Mary's work alongside the breathtaking landscapes that inspired her.

Musik-Detail by Gustav Klimt - 1895

Klimt was born in Baumgarten, a suburb of Vienna, Austria. His father, Ernst Klimt, was a gold and silver engraver. Klimt and his six siblings were all raised in a small apartment in Vienna. Klimt began drawing at a young age, and his father encouraged his artistic talents. At the age of 14 in 1876, Klimt enrolled at the Vienna School of Applied Arts, where he studied architecture and painting. In 1877 his brother, Ernst, only 13 at the time, also enrolled in the school.

Apple Tree I, by Gustav Klimt 1912

Klimt's professors, Ferdinand Laufberger, and after his sudden passing, Julius Victor Berger, were among those painters who participated in numerous decorative painting assignments for the recently constructed public and private buildings along Vienna's Ringstrasse.  Laufberger included the Klimt brothers as assistants on some of these projects.  By 1881, the two brothers and their friend, Franz Matsch, began working together as a team, having received numerous commissions.  They called their new company "Künstler-Compagnie" (Artists Company). They moved to a collective studio in Sandwirthgasse 8 in the sixth Vienna district where they had space to create larger works as well.

Portrait of a Lady by Gustav Klimt, 1917

The company received its first assignments from architectural firm Fellner & Helmer, which erected theater buildings throughout the monarchy and needed curtains and ceiling paintings to furnish them. The young painters produced the ceiling paintings for the newly built theater in the Dalmatian coastal town of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) and the ceiling paintings and curtains for the theaters in Carlsbad, Bohemia (now Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic) and Reichenberg (now Liberec, Czech Republic).

Theater Curtain in the Municipal Theater in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic - Gustav Klimt 1886

From 1883 to 1884 Klimt created other works intended as illustrations for the "Allegories and Emblems" design collection. Viennese publisher Gerlach & Schenk released richly illustrated books from 1882 to 1885 and invited numerous artists to provide allegorical depictions for them. Klimt created the two paintings "Allegory of Fable" and "Allegory of Idyll" as well as several detailed drawings. Klimt was still painting in the then-popular neoclassicism style in these works. He executed them in a refined, meticulously detailed, realistic style.

Allegory of Fable, Gustav Klimt 1884

In addition to the ceilings and murals and other works that Klimt and his brother had been commissioned to complete, Klimt was in demand to paint portraits.  In these portraits created in the late 1880s and early 1890s, the young painter developed an astounding level of realism. Each detail was produced to an almost microscopic degree of perfection. These works are an impressive demonstration of the great artistry and technical painting expertise Gustav already possessed at the time.

Gustav Klimt, Young Girl Sitting, 1894, Leopold Museum, Vienna, Austria.

In the early 1890s Klimt met Austrian fashion designer Emilie Louise Flöege (a sibling of his sister-in-law) who was to be his companion until the end of his life. 

Portrait of Emilie Flöege by Gustav Klimt, 1902

 Klimt became a member of the Vienna visual artists co-operative, the Künstlerhaus, which at the time was the most important artists association in Vienna. In 1892 the Artists Company moved to a studio in Josefstädter Straße 21 in Vienna's eighth district. The success of the artist company took a severe hit, however, when Gustav's brother Ernst died unexpectedly in 1892. Klimt's father also died in the same year. The artist company was dissolved, and Klimt fell into a deep creative crisis. Matsch moved out of the shared studio and Klimt continued to work there alone. In 1894 Klimt, his mother, brother Georg, and his two unmarried sisters Klara and Hermine moved to an apartment in Westbahnstrasse 36 in the seventh district of Vienna.   He would spend the rest of his life here with his family unit, which only changed when Georg married and when their mother died in 1915.

The Virgin by Gustav Klimt, 1913

Klimt's mature style emerged in the late 1890s. In 1897, Klimt founded the Vienna Secession, a group of artists and architects who rebelled against the conservative academic art establishment. The Secessionists sought to create a new, modern style of art that was influenced by Art Nouveau, Symbolism, and Japanese art. Klimt became the president of the Secession, and he played a leading role in organizing its exhibitions and promoting its ideals.  The Secessionists held regular exhibitions in Vienna, which featured the work of both Austrian and international artists. They also published a journal, Ver Sacrum, which promoted their ideas and showcased the work of their members. The Vienna Secession was one of the most important art movements of its time. It played a leading role in the development of Art Nouveau and helped to usher in a new era of modern art.  The group disbanded in 1908, but its influence can still be seen in the work of artists and designers around the world.

Detail from the Tree of Life by Gustav Klimt, 1909

His paintings from this period are characterized by their use of gold leaf (likely influenced by his father’s work as a gold engraver), elaborate patterns, and symbolic imagery. Klimt's most famous paintings include "Judith and the Head of Holofernes" "The Kiss" and "Adele Bloch-Bauer I".

"Judith and the Head of Holofernes" (1901) is a powerful and disturbing depiction of the biblical story of Judith, a beautiful widow who seduces and then decapitates the Assyrian general Holofernes in order to save her home city of Bethulia.

 Judith and the Head of Holofernes by Gustav Klimt, 1901

The painting is a complex and ambiguous work of art. It is both beautiful and disturbing, and it has been interpreted in many different ways. The painting is dominated by the figure of Judith, who is shown standing over the severed head of Holofernes. She is wearing a lavish golden gown, and her hair is styled in a fashionable updo. Judith's expression is calm and serene, but her eyes are fixed on the viewer with an unsettling intensity.  In her left hand, she holds the severed head of Holofernes by the hair.

"The Kiss" (1907) is one of the most iconic and beloved works of art in the world. It depicts a couple embracing in a golden, jewel-encrusted setting, their bodies and faces intertwined in a timeless gesture of love and passion.

 The Kiss by Gustav Klimt (1907)

The painting is a masterpiece of symbolism and Art Nouveau design. The couple's cloaks are decorated with intricate patterns and motifs that represent love, fertility, and the passage of time. The gold leaf that covers the background and many of the figures gives the painting a sense of luxury and opulence.

The Kiss is also a deeply personal work of art. Many believe that it is a self-portrait of Klimt with his lover, Emilie Flöege. The painting was created at a time of great personal and artistic upheaval for Klimt, and it reflects his deep search for meaning and purpose in life. 

The Kiss was first exhibited in 1908, and it was immediately met with critical acclaim. The painting has since been reproduced countless times and has become a symbol of love and romance around the world. It is currently on display at the Upper Belvedere Museum in Vienna, Austria.

Another Klimt masterpiece is the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer, the wife of a wealthy Jewish banker, Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. It was painted between 1903 and 1907.

Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, by Gustav Klimt (1907)

The painting is considered to be one of the most iconic works of art from the Art Nouveau movement. It is also one of the most valuable paintings in the world, having sold for US$135 million in 2006.

The painting depicts Adele Bloch-Bauer sitting on a golden throne or chair, in front of a golden starry background. She is wearing a lavish gown that is decorated with gold leaf and intricate patterns. Her neck is adorned with a jeweled choker, and her head is surrounded by a halo of gold.  Klimt's use of gold leaf in the painting gives it a sense of luxury and opulence. The intricate patterns and motifs on Adele's gown and chair represent her wealth and status. The golden starry background symbolizes her divinity and immortality.

Hygieia by Gustav Klimt (1907)

Klimt also painted a number of lesser-known works that are equally beautiful and fascinating.  Here are a few examples:

The Lady with the Fan (1898): This portrait of a young woman is one of Klimt's most elegant and sensual works. The woman is shown wearing a lavish gown and holding a fan. Her expression is enigmatic and seductive.

The Lady with the Fan by Gustav Klimt (1898)

The Beethoven Frieze (1901-02): This frieze was commissioned by the Vienna Secession for the 14th Beethoven Exhibition. It is a musical interpretation of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, and it depicts a variety of figures, including angels, demons, and warriors. The frieze is a complex and visually stunning work of art.

The Beethoven Frieze (1901-02), a Large Scale Painting by Gustav Klimt

Death and Life (1908-11): This large-scale painting depicts Death and Life as two sides of the same coin. Death is shown as a skeletal figure, while Life is shown as a young woman with a baby in her arms. The painting is a powerful meditation on the cycle of life and death.

Death and Life by Gustav Klimt (1908-11) 

The Tree of Life (1909-11): This painting is a celebration of life and fertility. It depicts a tree with golden branches and leaves, and it is surrounded by a variety of animals and plants. The painting is a symbol of hope and regeneration.

The Tree of Life by Gustav Klimt (1909-11)

The Three Ages of Woman (1905): This painting depicts three women at different stages of life: a young girl, a mother, and an old woman. The painting is a reflection on the passage of time and the inevitability of death.

The Three Ages of Woman by Gustav Klimt, 1905 (Detail)

Klimt's work was often controversial, and he was criticized for his frank portrayal of sexuality and his use of religious and mythological themes in a secular context. However, Klimt was also one of the most successful artists of his time. He received numerous awards and commissions, and his work was exhibited in major galleries and museums around the world.

Klimt died in Vienna on February 6, 1918, following a stroke. He was 55 years old. Klimt's legacy as one of the most important and influential artists of the Art Nouveau movement is secure. His work continues to be exhibited and admired in galleries and museums around the world.

One more interesting tidbit - Adele Bloch-Bauer was the only person whose portrait was painted twice by Klimt.  Both of her portraits hung in the Bloch-Bauer family home until they were stolen by the Nazis during World War II.  After a lengthy court battle, the paintings were returned to Maria Altmann, the niece of Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, in January 2006.

Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II, by Gustav Klimt (1912)

In June 2006 the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I was sold to Ronald Lauder for $135 million for his public art museum, at the time a record price for a painting.  In November of that year, Christie's auction house sold Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II at auction for almost $88 million, the fourth-highest priced piece of art at auction at the time. The buyer was Oprah Winfrey.

The two paintings had a brief reunion at Neue Galerie in New York for the exhibition "Klimt and the Women of Vienna’s Golden Age, 1900–1918.  The Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I remains on display at Neue Galerie.  During the summer of 2016, Winfrey sold Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II to an unidentified Chinese buyer for $150 million.

Self Portrait  1914

Childe Hassam,1859-1935, was an American Impressionist painter, noted for his urban and coastal scenes. He was one of the most prolific and successful American artists of the early 20th century.

He was born Frederick Childe Hassam. Childe Hassam began using the name "Childe" instead of "Frederick" in the early 1880s. While it is not clear why he preferred to be called Childe two possible reasons are One, he had an uncle named Childe Hassam, and he may have adopted the name as a way to honor him The second possibility is that He chose it to distinguish himself from other artists named Frederick: There were a number of artists named Frederick at the time, and Hassam may have wanted to use a more unique name. Whatever the reason, Hassam began to use the name "Childe" exclusively in the early 1880s. He even dropped his first name from his signature, signing his paintings simply "Childe Hassam." Ultimately, the reason why Childe Hassam used Childe instead of Frederick is a mystery. It is clear that he was proud of the name, and he used it exclusively throughout his career.

Boston Common Painting by Childe Hassam 1886

Hassam was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1859. He showed an early interest in art and had his first lessons in drawing and watercolor while attending the Mather School in Dorchester, Massachusetts. His parents didn't pay much attention to his artistic talents, but Hassam was passionate about art and continued to pursue it.

Tea in a French Garden Painting by Childe Hassam 1910

Washington Square Arch Painting by Childe Hassam 1893

Hassam also traveled extensively throughout his life. He visited Europe on several occasions, and he also traveled to other parts of the United States, including Maine, California, and New Mexico. However, Hassam always considered Boston, New York City, and East Hampton to be his homes. He was deeply attached to these places, and they are reflected in many of his paintings. Celia Thaxter in Her Garden Painting by Childe Hassam 1892

Hassam was a very early riser, and he often went for walks in the morning to sketch and paint. In the early 1900s, Hassam began to spend more time in New England, where he painted coastal scenes such as The Coast of Maine (1903) and Summer Sunshine, Easthampton (1910). These paintings are characterized by their bold colors and use of light. The Garden Seat by Childe Hassam 1934

 

Woman on the Balcony Painting by Childe Hassam 1921

Tanagra The Builders New York 1Painting by Childe Hassam 1918

Moonlight on Old House Painting by Childe Hassam 1906

 Illustration By Warwick Goble from The Fairy Book 1913 

Warwick Goble was a British illustrator of children's books who was active from the late 19th to the early 20th century, specializing in fairy tales, children's books, science fiction and fantasy stories. He is perhaps most well-known for his illustrations in the first publication of H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds and his illustrations for Charles Kingsley's The Water-Babies. His work is characterized by its vibrant colors, intricate detail, and romanticism. His work was diverse, and his illustrations ranged from fairy tales, myths, and legends from around the world.

 Illustration by Warwick Goble from Book of Fairy Poetry 1920

Illustration by Warwick Goble in Pearson's Magazine, May 1899

In 1897, he illustrated his first children's book, Lad's Love by Samuel Rutherford Crockett. This was followed by a string of successful children's books, including The Water Babies by Charles Kingsley, The Arabian Nights, and Grimm's Fairy Tales.

The Water Babies (1909) by Charles Kingsley. This classic children's book tells the story of a young boy who falls into a river and is transformed into a water baby. Goble's illustrations capture the beauty and magic of the underwater world.

The Arabian Nights (1910) by Various Authors. This collection of Middle Eastern folk tales is full of adventure, magic, and romance. Goble's illustrations bring the stories to life with their vibrant colors and intricate detail.

Green Willow and Other Japanese Fairy Tales (1910) by Grace James. This collection of Japanese fairy tales is full of strange and wonderful creatures, such as the kappa, the tengu, and the tanuki. Goble's illustrations capture the unique beauty and mystery of Japanese culture.

 Grimm's Fairy Tales (1912) by The Brothers Grimm. This collection of German fairy tales includes some of the most popular stories in the world, such as "Cinderella," "Snow White," and "The Frog Prince." Goble's illustrations capture the timeless appeal of these stories.

 Goble's illustrations are characterized by their use of rich colors. He often incorporated elements of mythology and folklore into his work, which helped to create a sense of magic and wonder in his illustrations. His works are praised for their beauty and realism. He had a gift for capturing the magic and wonder of fairy tales, while also grounding them in reality. His work was often compared to that of Arthur Rackham, another renowned children's illustrator.

 Goble's work has had a lasting impact on the world of children's literature. His illustrations are still admired by children and adults alike, and they continue to inspire new generations of artists.

In addition to his children's books, Goble also illustrated a number of adult novels, including The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells and The Book of Baal by Marie Corelli. He also produced a series of paintings on religious themes.

Illustration by Warwick Goble in The War of The World 1897

Warwick Goble’s illustrations for the first publication of The War of the Worlds by H G Wells in Pearson’s Magazine in 1897 reinforce the feelings of chaos and confusion that pervades the novel.

Goble retired in the late 1930s, living finally at a well-appointed address in the village of Merstham, Surrey, near Reigate. He did not marry and had no children. He was born to a modest family and through his work achieved a prosperous and comfortable life. He was a very private person, and little is known of his life.  Nothing else is known of his character or circumstances: There are no photos, paintings and no personal documents that have survived and he does not appear in literature of the period. Goble died at 80 years of age or so.  He died at home in the middle of the Second World War. He left an estate of £4,767, an amount theoretically worth £150,000 in modern sterling, but probably with buying power well in advance of the current day £600,000 or more. Intriguingly, his will benefitted Ms. Stanway of Llandudno, North Wales, of whom very little is known.

 Goble's work has had a lasting impact on children's literature. His illustrations are still enjoyed by children and adults alike, and they continue to inspire new generations of artists.

Here are a few of the stories-books that he illustrated:
The Book of Fairy Poetry (1920) by D. Owen. This anthology of poems about fairies, elves, and other magical creatures is beautifully illustrated by Goble. His illustrations transport readers to a world of wonder and enchantment.
Il Pentamerone (1911) by Giambattista Basile. This collection of Italian fairy tales is known for its bawdy humor and its dark, twisted stories. Goble's illustrations are surprisingly faithful to the original text, and they add a touch of menace to the stories.
Folk-Tales of Bengal (1912) by Lal Behari Dey. This collection of Indian folk tales is a treasure trove of stories about gods, demons, and ordinary people. Goble's illustrations bring the stories to life with their vibrant colors and intricate detail.
The Modern Reader's Chaucer (1912) by Geoffrey Chaucer. This anthology of Chaucer's poetry is beautifully illustrated by Goble. His illustrations capture the humor, romance, and adventure of the stories.
John Halifax, Gentleman (1914) by Dinah Craik. This novel tells the story of a young boy who rises from poverty to become a successful businessman. Goble's illustrations capture the drama and excitement of the story.
Tales of the Alhambra (1926) by Washington Irving. This collection of stories about Moorish Spain is full of romance, adventure, and history. Goble's illustrations bring the stories to life with their vibrant colors and intricate detail.
These are just a few of the many popular works of Warwick Goble. His illustrations are a treasure trove of beauty and imagination, and they continue to delight and inspire readers of all ages.

 Warwick Gobles paintings continue to appear in the art market, commanding high prices, and his books are prized by collectors for their vivid color and decorative intensity. Though mainly a twentieth century artist, he made a small but important contribution to late Victorian illustration.

A Paris Bridge (1933) by Alice Bailly

A Paris Bridge (1933) by Alice Bailly 

Alice Alice Bailly: A Pioneer of Swiss Avant-Garde Art, from Cubism to Dada to Surrealism… You Have To See Her Wool Paintings!

Alice Bailly was a Swiss avant-garde painter who was born in Geneva in 1872. She was one of the most radical painters in the early decades of the 20th century, and her work explored a variety of styles, including Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, and Dada. Bailly was born to a modestly situated family, but her mother, a German teacher, instilled in her a love of culture and learning. She began studying art at the École des Demoiselles in Geneva, and in 1904 she moved to Paris to continue her studies at the Académie Julian.

 Woman displaying her Indigo Batik’s in Zhoucheng Village, Dali City China 

Chinese indigo batik is a traditional textile art that has been practiced in China for centuries. The process of creating indigo batik involves using a resist dye to create patterns on fabric. The resist dye is typically made from indigo, a plant that is native to Asia. The fabric is first soaked in the resist dye, and then the desired patterns are created by applying wax to the fabric. The fabric is then dyed again, and the wax is removed. The result is a fabric with beautiful, intricate patterns in shades of blue.

Chinese Indigo Bird in Flight Counted Cross Stitch Pattern

Chinese indigo batik is a popular art form in many parts of China, and it is also exported to other countries around the world. The art form is often used to create clothing, home décor, and other items. Chinese indigo batik is a unique and beautiful art form that has a long and rich history.

Indigo Batik Cloths Drying

History of Chinese Indigo Batik

The history of Chinese indigo batik is long and complex. The earliest evidence of batik in China dates to the 6th century CE. However, it is likely that the art form originated in China much earlier than this. Batik was originally used to create clothing for the Chinese emperor and his court. Over time, the art form spread to other parts of China, and it became popular among all social classes.

In the 19th century, Chinese indigo batik began to decline in popularity. This was due to several factors, including the introduction of new textile technologies and the rise of Western fashion. However, in recent years, there has been a revival of interest in Chinese indigo batik. This is due in part to the growing appreciation for traditional Chinese culture, and in part to the increasing demand for handmade, sustainable products.

Artist Waxing the Fabric Before Dying

Process of Creating Chinese Indigo Batik

The process of creating Chinese indigo batik is complex and time-consuming. The first step is to prepare the fabric. The fabric is typically made from cotton or silk, and it is first soaked in water to remove any impurities. The fabric is then stretched on a frame, and it is ready to be dyed.

The next step is to create the resist patterns. This is done by applying wax to the fabric using a variety of tools, such as a brush, a pen, or a stencil. The wax prevents the indigo dye from penetrating the fabric, and it creates the desired patterns.

Once the wax is applied, the fabric is dyed in indigo. The indigo dye is a natural dye that is extracted from the leaves of the indigo plant. The dye is typically applied to the fabric in several layers, and each layer is allowed to dry before the next layer is applied.

The final step is to remove the wax. This is done by heating the fabric, and the wax melts and drips away. The result is a fabric with beautiful, intricate patterns in shades of blue.

Here is a  Story From China Daily that shows the steps in pictures:

Pic story of inheritor of batik of Miao ethnic group from China Daily

Xinhua | Updated: 2019-10-31 12:10 

 Uses of Chinese Indigo Batik

Chinese indigo batik is a versatile art form that can be used to create a variety of items. The most common use for Chinese indigo batik is to create clothing. Batik can be used to create shirts, dresses, skirts, and other garments. Batik can also be used to create home décor items, such as curtains, tablecloths, and pillows. In addition, batik can be used to create art objects, such as paintings, sculptures, and jewelry.

The Future of Chinese Indigo Batik

The future of Chinese indigo batik is bright. The art form is experiencing a revival of interest, and there is a growing demand for handmade, sustainable products. As more people become aware of the beauty and history of Chinese indigo batik, the art form is sure to continue to grow in popularity.

Bring the beauty of Chinese Indigo Batiks into Your Home with Cross Stitch.

Squares with Concentric Circles Detail 1926 By Wassily Kandinsky

 The Spiritual Pioneer of Abstract Art: Exploring the Legacy of Wassily Kandinsky and Celebrating it in Cross Stitch

Kandinsky with his Cat-1906

Wassily Kandinsky was a Russian artist who played a pivotal role in the development of abstract art during the early 20th century. Born in Moscow in 1866, Kandinsky studied law and economics before discovering his passion for art. He began taking art classes at the age of 30 and soon became a prominent figure in the avant-garde movement.

In 1896, Kandinsky had a life-changing experience when he saw a painting by Claude Monet at an exhibition in Moscow. The painting inspired Kandinsky to begin exploring his own artistic talents, and he started taking drawing classes and experimenting with different mediums.

Despite his growing interest in art, Kandinsky was hesitant to leave his career as a lawyer. It wasn't until he was in his thirties that he finally made the decision to quit his job and dedicate himself fully to his art.

 Improvisation 1909 by Wassily Kandinsky

This was a risky move for Kandinsky, as he was already a successful and respected lawyer, and the art world at the time was still dominated by traditional, representational styles. However, Kandinsky was determined to pursue his passion and to break new ground in the world of art.

 Murnau Street 1908 by Wassily Kandinsky

Kandinsky showed his courage and determination to pursue a creative passion, even in the face of uncertainty and risk. Kandinsky's decision to follow his heart and embrace his artistic talents paved the way for a new generation of artists and helped to usher in a new era of abstract art.

 Boats in Italy 1905 by Wassily Kandinsky

Kandinsky's early work was influenced by the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist movements. He was particularly drawn to the works of Monet, Cézanne, and Van Gogh, and their use of color and light. However, it wasn't until 1910 that Kandinsky truly broke away from representational art and began to explore abstraction.

 Composition V - 1911 by Wassily Kandinsky

Kandinsky's breakthrough came with his 1911 painting "Composition V", which is considered one of the first completely abstract works of art. The painting features a series of interconnected shapes and colors that are meant to convey emotion and spirituality rather than represent any specific object or scene. Kandinsky believed that art could be a form of spiritual expression, and he saw abstract art as a way to communicate directly with the viewer's emotions. 

Kandinsky had a close friendship with the Swiss artist Paul Klee. Kandinsky and Klee first met in 1911 when Kandinsky was teaching at the Bauhaus art school in Germany. Despite their differences in personality and artistic style, the two artists quickly became close friends and collaborators.

 Improvisation on Mahogany 1910 by Wassily Kandinsky

One story that highlights their friendship involves Klee's struggle with depression. In 1933, Klee was diagnosed with scleroderma, a painful and debilitating autoimmune disease. As his health deteriorated, Klee became increasingly depressed and struggled to find the motivation to continue working.

 Upwards in Green 1929 by Wassily Kandinsky

Kandinsky, who had always been a source of support and inspiration for Klee, decided to take action. He wrote to Klee, encouraging him to keep creating and reminding him of the importance of art in difficult times. Kandinsky also organized an exhibition of Klee's work in Switzerland, which helped to lift Klee's spirits and renew his passion for art.

 Spitzen Im Bogen 1927 By Wassily Kandinsky

Klee later wrote to Kandinsky, thanking him for his support and saying, "Your help has been of immeasurable value to me. You cannot know how much it means to me to feel that I have a friend like you."

 Yellow Red Blue 1925 By Wassily Kandinsky

This story shows the power of art to bring people together and provide comfort in times of hardship.

 Composition 8- 1923 By Wassily Kandinsky

Kandinsky was a prolific artist, creating over 1,000 paintings in his lifetime. He was also a prolific writer, publishing several books on art theory and his own artistic philosophy. In his writing, Kandinsky argued that art should be an expression of the inner self, rather than a mere representation of the external world. He believed that art had the power to connect people on a deep, emotional level and to transcend language and cultural barriers.

Several circles 1926 By Wassily Kandinsky

Kandinsky's influence on the art world was significant, and his ideas about abstraction and the spiritual power of art continue to be relevant today. His work has inspired countless artists, and his legacy can be seen in everything from the abstract expressionist movement of the 1950s to contemporary digital art. Kandinsky's impact on the art world is a testament to the power of creativity and the enduring nature of great ideas.

 Squares with Concentric Circles 1926 By Wassily Kandinsky

Kandinsky created a vast body of work over his career, spanning multiple styles and mediums. However, there are several works that are particularly important in the development of abstract art and that showcase Kandinsky's innovative and visionary approach to art. Here are five of Kandinsky's most important works and why they are significant:

 Gravitation 1926 By Wassily Kandinsky

 Wassily Kandinsky 1922

Jessie Willcox Smith: An American Illustrator Who Brought Childhood to Life

Children Playing Ring Around The Rosie by Jessie Willcox Smith

Jessie Willcox Smith: An American Illustrator Who Brought Childhood to Life

Jessie Willcox Smith's art was known for its gentle beauty and its ability to capture the magic of childhood. Her paintings often featured young children in idyllic settings, surrounded by flowers, animals, and the beauty of nature.

A Child Bath With His Puppy by Jessie Willcox Smith

One of Jessie's favorite pastimes was taking walks in her local park, where she would often sit and sketch the people and animals she saw. One day, she noticed a little girl crying by the pond. Jessie approached her and asked what was wrong, and the girl explained that she had lost her favorite toy.

Jessie knew just how much a beloved toy could mean to a child, so she offered to help the little girl look for it. Together, they searched the entire park, calling out the name of the toy and asking anyone they saw if they had seen it. Finally, as they were about to give up, they spotted a small teddy bear tucked behind a bush. The little girl was overjoyed and hugged Jessie tightly, thanking her for her help.

Hanging Dolls Clothes To Dry by Jessie Willcox Smith

Jessie didn't think much of her kind act, but news of her good deed quickly spread throughout the community. Parents began bringing their children to meet the famous illustrator who had helped the little girl find her toy. Jessie welcomed each child with a warm smile and even drew pictures for them to take home.

 Despite her success, Jessie remained humble and dedicated to her craft. She worked tirelessly to perfect her technique, often spending hours on a single painting to get every detail just right. Her attention to detail is evident in every brushstroke, creating a sense of depth and texture that brings her paintings to life.

 Cover From A Childs Garden Of Verses  by Jessie Willcox Smith

One of Jessie's most famous works is the cover of the 1912 edition of "A Child's Garden of Verses" by Robert Louis Stevenson. The illustration featured a young girl playing with her toys, surrounded by a garden filled with flowers and butterflies. The image captured the innocence and joy of childhood, and it became an iconic representation of the book. Jessie's illustrations were highly sought after by publishers, who recognized her talent for bringing stories to life through her art. She illustrated classics such as "Little Women" and "A Child's Garden of Verses," and her illustrations became synonymous with the stories themselves.

Good Housekeeping Cover and The Canadian Home Journal 1922 Ivory Soap Ad Poster Print by Jessie Willcox Smith

Jessie's style was characterized by her attention to detail, her ability to capture expressions and emotions, and her use of soft colors and light. She created countless illustrations for children's books and magazines, often featuring children and animals.  Jessie also created illustrations for advertising campaigns for companies such as Ivory Soap and Colgate.

Jessie's art was also highly influential in shaping the aesthetic of children's literature and advertising in the early 20th century. Her use of soft colors and light, and her ability to capture expressions and emotions, helped to create a style that became instantly recognizable and highly sought after. 

Over time, Jessie became known as much for her kind heart as she was for her artistic talent. She continued to create beautiful illustrations that captured the innocence and wonder of childhood, but she also dedicated herself to helping children in need. She donated her time and artwork to local charities and hospitals, bringing smiles to the faces of countless children.

Jessie continued to work as an illustrator throughout her life, even after she suffered a stroke in 1933. She passed away in 1935, leaving behind a legacy of beautiful illustrations that continue to inspire and captivate audiences today.

Today, Jessie's art remains as beloved as ever, a testament to her skill and the timeless beauty of childhood. Her paintings continue to inspire and delight audiences of all ages, reminding us of the wonder and magic that exists in the world around us.

Jessie's legacy lives on today, not just in her art, but in the kindness and compassion she showed to others. Her story serves as a reminder that even small acts of kindness can have a big impact on the world around us.

The Cover Of Mother Goose Tales by Jessie Willcox Smith

Jessie Willcox Smith was a prolific artist whose illustrations graced the pages of countless books and magazines throughout the early 20th century. Here are some of my favorites:

Illustrations of children enjoying a story with their mother. Jessies illustrations remind me of that warm relaxing time of childhood.

 "A Child's Garden of Verses" - Jessie illustrated this classic children's poetry book by Robert Louis Stevenson. Her charming illustrations brought the verses to life and helped to establish her as one of the foremost illustrators of her time.

"Little Women" - Jessie's illustrations for Louisa May Alcott's beloved novel have become iconic. Her depictions of the four March sisters helped to cement their place in the hearts of readers everywhere.

"Bubbles" - This illustration shows a young children blowing bubbles. It is a playful and whimsical work that perfectly captures the joy and innocence of childhood.

Illustrations for "The Water Babies" - Jessie's illustrations for this classic children's book by Charles Kingsley are some of her most detailed and intricate. The illustrations capture the fantastical elements of the story and bring the characters to life in a way that is both charming and magical.

These are just a few examples of the many beautiful artworks that Jessie Willcox Smith created throughout her career. Her talent for capturing the beauty and wonder of childhood has made her work timeless and beloved by generations of readers and art enthusiasts and lucky stitchers!